DRIVERS-3239: Add exponential backoff to operation retry loop for server overloaded errors #1862

baileympearson · 2025-12-02T17:15:50Z

Overview

This PR adds support for a new class of errors (SystemOverloadedError) to drivers' operation retry logic, as outlined in the design document.

Additionally, it includes a new argument to the MongoDB handshake (also defined in the design document).

Python will be second implementer.
Node implementation: mongodb/node-mongodb-native#4806

Testing

The testing strategy is two-fold:

Building off of Ezra's work to generate unified tests for retryable handshake errors, this PR generates unified tests to confirm that:
- operations are retried using the new SystemOverloadedError label
- operations are retried no more than 5 (current MAX_ATTEMPTS, as defined in the spec) times
Following Iris's work in DRIVERS-1934: withTransaction API retries too frequently #1851, this PR adds a prose test that ensures drivers apply exponential backoff in the retryability loop.
Update changelog.
Test changes in at least one language driver.
Test these changes against all server versions and topologies (including standalone, replica set, and sharded
clusters).

- add prose test - add assertions on the number of retries for maxAttempts tests - don't run clientBulkWrite tests on <8.0 servers

source/logging/logging.md

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

source/retryable-reads/retryable-reads.md

source/retryable-writes/retryable-writes.md

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

blink1073 · 2025-12-03T16:31:19Z

It looks like you also need to bump the schema version:

source/client-backpressure/tests/backpressure-retry-loop.yml invalid
[
  {
    instancePath: '/tests/0/operations/3/expectError',
    schemaPath: '#/definitions/expectedError/type',
    keyword: 'type',
    params: { type: 'object' },
    message: 'must be object'
  }
]
 using schema v1.3
source/client-backpressure/tests/backpressure-retry-max-attempts.yml invalid
[
  {
    instancePath: '/tests/0/operations/1/expectError',
    schemaPath: '#/definitions/expectedError/type',
    keyword: 'type',
    params: { type: 'object' },
    message: 'must be object'
  }
]
 using schema v1.3source/client-backpressure/tests/backpressure-retry-loop.yml invalid
[
  {
    instancePath: '/tests/0/operations/3/expectError',
    schemaPath: '#/definitions/expectedError/type',
    keyword: 'type',
    params: { type: 'object' },
    message: 'must be object'
  }
]
 using schema v1.3
source/client-backpressure/tests/backpressure-retry-max-attempts.yml invalid
[
  {
    instancePath: '/tests/0/operations/1/expectError',
    schemaPath: '#/definitions/expectedError/type',
    keyword: 'type',
    params: { type: 'object' },
    message: 'must be object'
  }
]
 using schema v1.3

blink1073 · 2025-12-03T21:05:18Z

WIP Python implementation: mongodb/mongo-python-driver#2635

blink1073 · 2025-12-03T23:11:38Z

All unified and prose tests are passing in the Python implementation.

Edit: we're still failing one unified test, "client.clientBulkWrite retries using operation loop", investigating...

Edit 2: we're all good now

jyemin

I only reviewed the specification changes, not the pseudocode or tests. Those are best reviewed by implementers.

jyemin · 2025-12-10T19:26:49Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+    - This intentionally changes the behavior of CSOT which otherwise would retry an unlimited number of times within the
+        timeout to avoid retry storms.
+5. If the previous error includes the `SystemOverloadedError` label, the client MUST apply exponential backoff according
+    to according to the following formula: `delayMS = j * min(maxBackoff, baseBackoff * 2^i)`


Suggested change

to according to the following formula: `delayMS = j * min(maxBackoff, baseBackoff * 2^i)`

to the following formula: `delayMS = j * min(maxBackoff, baseBackoff * 2^i)`

jyemin · 2025-12-10T19:33:11Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+
+This specification expands the driver's retry ability to all commands, including those not currently considered
+retryable such as updateMany, create collection, getMore, and generic runCommand. The new command execution method obeys
+the following rules:


Since the rules include all the deposits into the token bucket, consider adding withdrawals as well.

jyemin · 2025-12-10T19:36:28Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+
+## Q&A
+
+TODO


Anything to add here, or just remove?

Nothing yet .. I'll remove it for now. It can always be added back if there are items worth mentioning here.

jyemin · 2025-12-10T19:37:07Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+
+## Changelog
+
+- 2025-XX-XX: Initial version.


Not sure how we handle the date... Is there an automation for this?

Not that I know of. Usually the spec author fills it out before merging

I'll just leave this thread open to remind myself to add changelog dates before merging once all changes are completed.

Jibola · 2025-12-10T20:34:13Z

source/client-backpressure/tests/README.md

+    ```python
+    assertTrue(absolute_value(with_backoff_time - (no_backoff_time + 3.1 seconds)) < 1)
+    ```


Thoughts:
Could this stick to being javascript from top-to-bottom?
Can we also do BIG_TIME - SMALL_TIME >= 2.1?

To me that's more human-readable.

It maintains that BIG_TIME must always be bigger (removing the need for absolute_value).

It captures the 1 second variation whilst still being rigid to the 3.1 second window and stays minimally invasive.

For sure. This phrasing was taken from the withTransaction backoff tests. Would you want me to update it there as well?

@Jibola Anything remaining here?

Jibola · 2025-12-10T20:42:12Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+the following rules:
+
+1. If the command succeeds on the first attempt, drivers MUST deposit `RETRY_TOKEN_RETURN_RATE` tokens.
+    - The value is 0.1 and non-configurable.


Per the concerns for golang, I thought updating these values by a scalar of 10 in those cases was fine?
cc: @matthewdale

I think the outcome was the opposite: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1teqNgeWbW6dpRQOALrJTEBRoO6sYcrpq9T3_NJE0QfU/edit?disco=AAABtSVfUxI

Jibola · 2025-12-10T20:51:37Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+to identify clients which do and do not support backpressure. Currently, this flag is unused but in the future the
+server may offer different rate limiting behavior for clients that do not support backpressure.
+
+##### Implementation notes


Suggested change

##### Implementation notes

#### Implementation notes

source/retryable-writes/retryable-writes.md

baileympearson

submitting comments

baileympearson · 2025-12-10T21:05:52Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+
+## Q&A
+
+TODO


Nothing yet .. I'll remove it for now. It can always be added back if there are items worth mentioning here.

baileympearson · 2025-12-10T21:09:57Z

source/client-backpressure/tests/README.md

+    ```python
+    assertTrue(absolute_value(with_backoff_time - (no_backoff_time + 3.1 seconds)) < 1)
+    ```


For sure. This phrasing was taken from the withTransaction backoff tests. Would you want me to update it there as well?

source/retryable-writes/retryable-writes.md

baileympearson · 2025-12-11T20:00:48Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+#### Goodput
+
+The throughput of positive, useful output. In the context of drivers, this refers to the number of non-error results
+that the driver processes per unit of time.


Do you have an alternative definition you think makes more sense here?

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

baileympearson · 2025-12-12T20:16:59Z

source/client-backpressure/tests/README.md

+
+## Changelog
+
+- 2025-XX-XX: Initial version.


It's intended as a TODO, yeah.

If I understand correctly: you're saying new specs generally just leave the changelog empty? That's fine with me as well if that's the usual practice with new specs and test readmes.

baileympearson · 2025-12-15T19:06:25Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+
+This specification expands the driver's retry ability to all commands if the error indicates that is both an overload
+error and that it is retryable, including those not currently considered retryable such as updateMany, create
+collection, getMore, and generic runCommand. The new command execution method obeys the following rules:


Currently (before back pressure), there seem to be no reason for a driver to inspect the server response to a command run via runCommand (unless we are talking about runCursorCommand, which I am not).

I thought that all drivers inspected the response to throw an exception if the response includes: ok: 0. Is this not the case in Java?

--

runCommand is mentioned here as if the overload retry policy is trivially applicable to it, but I am not sure that's the case
and
Retrying runCommand requires changing its implementation such that it uses whatever internal retry mechanisms a driver has.

I don't think the assumption is that it is trivial for drivers to implement for all commands, because we're explicitly adding support for commands that previously were not retryable in addition to runCommand (ex: getMore). Debating whether or not it is trivial to implement misses the point imo: this is a new feature that drivers are building, so it is understood that it requires code changes to implement.

r.e. including runCommand in this project: I'm going to keep it for now, unless there's a strong technical argument against including it. I don't think we can say that drivers handle backpressure if there is a user-facing API that doesn't include the backpressure retry logic.

source/client-backpressure/tests/backpressure-retry-loop.yml.template

source/client-backpressure/tests/backpressure-retry-max-attempts.yml.template

vbabanin · 2025-12-16T21:11:24Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+            if attempt > attempts:
+                raise
+
+            deprioritized_servers.append(server.address)


There appears to be a potential inconsistency between the prose specification and the pseudocode regarding server deprioritization.

Step 7:

"If the request is eligible for retry (as outlined in step 4), the client MUST add the previously used server's address to the list of deprioritized server addresses"

Step 4 requires both SystemOverloadedError and RetryableError labels.

However, the pseudocode uses deprioritized_servers.append(server.address) unconditionally - which deprioritizes the server for all retries, including traditional retryable reads and retryable writes.

If the pseudocode in this specification is intended to show the unified retry behavior combining both the new overload retry policy and existing retryable reads/writes logic (as stated in retryable-writes.md:341-346), then we should note that the existing specifications (retryable-writes/reads) restrict server deprioritization to sharded clusters only.

Line 325-326 in retryable-writes.md:

"In a sharded cluster, the server on which the operation failed MUST be provided to the server selection mechanism as a deprioritized server."

My reading is that the unified behavior should:

Deprioritize the server when the error has both SystemOverloadedError and RetryableError labels (matching Step 7), and

Continue to deprioritize only mongos in sharded clusters for existing retryable reads/writes behavior.

Could you confirm if this understanding is correct?

No, that is incorrect. All topologies and all retry mechanisms now always deprioritize servers: 3e577e8

@NoahStapp We missed a reference specifying that sharded clusters behavior in our last PR - would you mind opening a follow up that removes the sentence that Slav pointed out?

That sentence was already fixed in the DRIVERS-3344 commit:

specifications/source/retryable-writes/retryable-writes.md

Lines 320 to 321 in 3e577e8

For each retry attempt, drivers MUST select a writable server. The server address on which the operation failed MUST be

provided to the server selection mechanism as a member of the deprioritized server address list.

I'd use the latest commit of master as a reference instead of Bailey's fork.

@vbabanin Anything else in this thread or can we resolve it?

vbabanin · 2025-12-16T21:35:26Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+
+#### Pseudocode
+
+The following pseudocode describes the overload retry policy:


retryable-writes.md:341-346 states:

"[!NOTE]
The rules above and the pseudocode below only demonstrate the rules for retryable writes... the pseudocode was intentionally unmodified. For a pseudocode block that contains both retryable writes logic as defined in this specification and backoff retryabilitity as defined in the client backpressure specification, see the pseudocode in the Backpressure Specification."

So retryable-writes tells readers go to the backpressure spec for the unified pseudocode.

However, client-backpressure.md does not seem to say it's providing a unified pseudocode. It just:

Says it's "separate from" existing behavior

Says the pseudocode shows "overload retry policy", which reads as if it only describes the overload retry policy.

If the intent is for client-backpressure.md pseudo-code to present the unified pseudocode, I’d suggest making that explicit in the text and adding links back to the relevant specs, similar to retryable-writes.md:341-346. What do you think?

The pseudocode in the client backpressure specification is unified - it handles both existing retryable reads/writes, and the new client backpressure retryability. It doesn't include all of the same detail as the pseudocodes in each retryability spec though, but I intentionally omitted things like error handling for brevity.

ex:

is_retryable = is_retryable_write() or is_retryable_read() or (exc.has_error_label("RetryableError") and exc.has_error_label("SystemOverloadedError"))

Is there something specific you feel is missing? I can add more detail to this pseudocode if there are things missing.

@vbabanin Just following up - any additional questions?

matthewdale · 2025-12-17T00:25:57Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+    - The value of `MAX_ATTEMPTS` is 5 and non-configurable.
+    - This intentionally changes the behavior of CSOT which otherwise would retry an unlimited number of times within the
+        timeout to avoid retry storms.
+5. If a retry attempt is to be attempted, a token will be consumed from the token bucket.


This wording is difficult to understand. Consider a clearer sentence:

Suggested change

5. If a retry attempt is to be attempted, a token will be consumed from the token bucket.

5. A retry attempt consumes 1 token from the token bucket.

matthewdale · 2025-12-17T00:58:15Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+The overload retry policy introduces a per-client token bucket to limit SystemOverloaded retry attempts. Although the
+server rejects excess operations as quickly as possible, doing so costs CPU and creates extra contention on the
+connection pool which can eventually negatively affect goodput. To reduce this risk, the token bucket will limit retry
+attempts during a prolonged overload.


This seems to directly contradict the assertions in the CSOT spec section Why don't drivers use backoff/jitter between retry attempts?.

Should we remove that section from the CSOT spec?

Is there a reason not to apply backoff+jitter to all retry attempts, not just those with the SystemOverloadedError label?

P.S. I realize both of these are arguably out of the scope of this change, mostly wanted to know if there are existing answers to these questions.

re 1. - I think the section is still accurate because we only apply backoff and jitter to a particular subset of errors (system overloaded errors). I could update the phrasing to mention the client backpressure specification if you'd like.
re 2. - Not that I can think of but I also don't know that it is necessary. Especially with Noah's server selection changes, because now there's no chance of selecting the same server again.

The exception would be really extreme server overload (what this feature addresses) or other extreme driver scenarios where requests to all nodes are failing, exhausting the deprioritized server list. The only such non-overload scenario I can think of is a complete network outage to all nodes but I don't think backoff and jitter would help much in this scenario at all.

Thanks for the responses! Consider this resolved.

source/transactions/tests/unified/backpressure-retryable-commit.yml

source/transactions/tests/unified/backpressure-retryable-abort.yml

source/transactions/tests/unified/backpressure-retryable-commit.yml

source/transactions/tests/unified/backpressure-retryable-reads.yml

source/transactions/tests/unified/backpressure-retryable-writes.yml

jmikola · 2025-12-18T18:38:25Z

source/transactions/transactions.md


 An error considered retryable by the [Retryable Writes Specification](../retryable-writes/retryable-writes.md).

+#### Backpressure Error


This spec should also get a changelog entry.

baileympearson

submitting comments

baileympearson · 2025-12-18T22:25:07Z

source/client-backpressure/tests/README.md

+    ```python
+    assertTrue(absolute_value(with_backoff_time - (no_backoff_time + 3.1 seconds)) < 1)
+    ```


@Jibola Anything remaining here?

baileympearson · 2025-12-18T22:25:45Z

source/client-backpressure/tests/backpressure-retry-loop.yml.template

+    operations:
+      -
+        object: *utilCollection
+        name: deleteMany


Sorry, missed this one. I like your suggestion - done.

baileympearson · 2025-12-18T22:27:22Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+    - This intentionally changes the behavior of CSOT which otherwise would retry an unlimited number of times within the
+        timeout to avoid retry storms.
+5. If the previous error includes the `SystemOverloadedError` label, the client MUST apply exponential backoff according
+    to according to the following formula: `delayMS = j * min(maxBackoff, baseBackoff * 2^i)`


baileympearson · 2025-12-18T22:27:26Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+
+This specification expands the driver's retry ability to all commands, including those not currently considered
+retryable such as updateMany, create collection, getMore, and generic runCommand. The new command execution method obeys
+the following rules:


baileympearson · 2025-12-18T22:28:32Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+            if attempt > attempts:
+                raise
+
+            deprioritized_servers.append(server.address)


@vbabanin Anything else in this thread or can we resolve it?

baileympearson · 2025-12-18T22:47:06Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+Some drivers might not have retryability implementations that allow easy separation of the existing retryable
+reads/writes mechanisms from the exponential backoff and jitter retry algorithm. An example pseudocode is defined below
+that demonstrates a combined retryable reads/writes implementation with the corresponding backpressure changes (adapted
+from the Node driver's implementation):


I removed this example implementation

baileympearson · 2025-12-18T22:47:43Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+The following pseudocode describes the overload retry policy:
+
+```python
+BASE_BACKOFF = 0.1


I chose to leave it as-is; as the pseudocode is written in python and follows python conventions. Let me know if the clarified pseudocde works for you

baileympearson · 2025-12-18T22:47:56Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

-                backoff = jitter * min(BASE_BACKOFF * (2 ** attempt), MAX_BACKOFF)
+            # Raise if the error if non retryable.
+            if exc.has_error_label("RetryableError") and exc.has_error_label("SystemOverloadedError"):
+                raise


baileympearson · 2025-12-18T22:48:29Z

source/client-backpressure/tests/README.md

+
+## Changelog
+
+- 2025-XX-XX: Initial version.


I removed the changelog

baileympearson · 2025-12-18T22:49:36Z

source/client-backpressure/tests/README.md

+            }
+        ```
+
+    3. Execute the following command. Expect that the command errors. Measure the duration of the command execution.


I've reworked the prose to be explicit about what the command is.

matthewdale

Looks good! 👍

sanych-sun · 2025-12-19T00:21:44Z

source/client-backpressure/client-backpressure.md

+5. A retry attempt consumes 1 token from the token bucket.
+6. If the request is eligible for retry (as outlined in step 4), the client MUST apply exponential backoff according to
+    the following formula: `delayMS = j * min(maxBackoff, baseBackoff * 2^i)`
+    - `i` is the retry attempt number (starting with 0 for the first retry).


Why we decided to have retry number start we 0? It makes the requirements confusing. Why don't we start with 1 and in fact we will have the same formula as for withTransaction:

delayMS = j * min(maxBackoff, baseBackoff * 2^(i-1))

With the only difference here we have 2 as the base for pow function, in convinientTransaction API we have 1.5

Here is the formula from withTransaction:
jitter * min(BACKOFF_INITIAL * 1.5 ** (transactionAttempt - 1), BACKOFF_MAX)

Where transactionAttempt started with 0 and is being incremented AFTER the delay, but before executing the callback attempt. Which is also confusing... but in C# implementation we wait AFTER the attempt so it's more natural.

baileympearson added 8 commits December 1, 2025 13:44

initial commit

588f1f2

new files

e467f5b

add tests for handshake changes

d55fdb9

add generated tests

8e74b41

test fixes and add prose test

072b453

- add prose test - add assertions on the number of retries for maxAttempts tests - don't run clientBulkWrite tests on <8.0 servers

fix run on requirements

52e2a35

fix run on requirements?

391c951

fix CI

92501c0

baileympearson commented Dec 2, 2025

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baileympearson marked this pull request as ready for review December 2, 2025 18:59

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Fix broken unified tests

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PYTHON-5528 & PYTHON-5651 Add exponential backoff to operation retry loop for server overloaded errors mongodb/mongo-python-driver#2635

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blink1073 added 5 commits December 17, 2025 10:18

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CSHARP-5712: withTransaction API retries too frequently mongodb/mongo-csharp-driver#1841

Open

add runOnRequirement for getMore tests

747c18c

	to according to the following formula: `delayMS = j * min(maxBackoff, baseBackoff * 2^i)`
	to the following formula: `delayMS = j * min(maxBackoff, baseBackoff * 2^i)`

	For each retry attempt, drivers MUST select a writable server. The server address on which the operation failed MUST be
	provided to the server selection mechanism as a member of the deprioritized server address list.


		#### Pseudocode

		The following pseudocode describes the overload retry policy:

	5. If a retry attempt is to be attempted, a token will be consumed from the token bucket.
	5. A retry attempt consumes 1 token from the token bucket.


		An error considered retryable by the [Retryable Writes Specification](../retryable-writes/retryable-writes.md).

		#### Backpressure Error


		## Q&A

		TODO


		## Q&A

		TODO

DRIVERS-3239: Add exponential backoff to operation retry loop for server overloaded errors #1862

Are you sure you want to change the base?

DRIVERS-3239: Add exponential backoff to operation retry loop for server overloaded errors #1862

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blink1073 commented Dec 3, 2025 •

edited

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vbabanin Dec 16, 2025 •

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NoahStapp Dec 17, 2025 •

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vbabanin Dec 16, 2025 •

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